Since former President Alberto Fujimori introduced liberal macroeconomic policies in the 1990's, Peru has maintained stable economic growth, driven by exports of mineral resources such as copper, gold, and zinc, as well as domestic demand. However, disparities between urban areas and the mountainous and Amazonian regions remain severe, with some areas still lacking basic infrastructure like electricity and water systems. Many of the country's mines are operated by foreign companies, meaning the benefits of economic growth have not been evenly distributed among the population. Yet, Peru was once a leading power in the world. During the era of the Inca Empire, it boasted an advanced civilization and social structure based on the rich natural environment of the Andes and diverse indigenous cultures, governing a vast territory. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques utilizing large-scale irrigation systems, extensive road networks, and advanced stone architecture, building a powerful state. The remnants of this era, including UNESCO World Heritage sites like Machu Picchu and Cusco, continue to draw large numbers of foreign tourists. However, since the early 16th century, when Spanish conquistadors conquered the region, Peru underwent 300 years of colonial rule that entrenched a social structure dependent on resource extraction. This period established a rigid hierarchy, with the white descendants of the conquerors at the top, mestizos in the middle, and indigenous people at the bottom. Today, the Peruvian government is working to address these historical inequalities while striving for long-term economic growth and a stable social foundation. Efforts are focused on improving education, healthcare, and infrastructure. In education, the government is working to provide high-quality education to all children by enhancing both physical and institutional aspects. In healthcare, there is a strong emphasis on improving the quality and accessibility of medical services, particularly in maternal and child health and infectious disease control.

Peruvian coffee is nurtured by the diverse terrain and climate of the Andean foothills. Particularly high-quality coffee is produced in mountainous regions at altitudes of up to 2,000 meters. The majority of Peru's coffee producers are small-scale farmers who maintain traditional production methods through family operations while actively engaging in sustainable agriculture. Organic farming practices are widespread, minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to reduce environmental impact. The main coffee-producing regions in Peru include Cajamarca, Cusco, and Puno. Cajamarca, located in the northern mountainous area, is characterized by rich volcanic soil and high altitudes. It produces coffee with bright acidity and is the most prominent region for specialty coffee production. Cusco, situated in the southern Andes and known as the historical capital of the Inca Empire, yields coffee with a full body and dark chocolate-like flavors. Puno, near Lake Titicaca in southern Peru, is an extremely high-altitude region. Its dry climate imparts a unique complexity to the coffee, resulting in clean, floral, and refined cups. Environmental protection and sustainable agriculture are deeply rooted in Peru's coffee production. Many producers maintain high specialty coffee standards by performing all processes from harvesting to processing by hand. Peruvian specialty coffee is characterized by its diverse flavor profiles and high quality, earning acclaim from coffee enthusiasts and experts worldwide. Although Peru's production volume may not match that of other South American countries, it's carving out its niche in the specialty coffee market with its distinctive flavors and high quality.